Descriptive statistics
Probabilistic modelling
Statistical inference 

frequency diagram

random variable
sample
population

numerical variables (continuous, discrete; scalar, vector)
categorical/nominal(qualitative) variables (ordered, non-ordered)

Bar charts
pie charts
joint bar chart

empirical distribution
bins
histogram
bar widths

mode
unimodal, bimodal

position statistics:
mean value of a sample
median of a sample
mode

dispersion statistics:
dispersion of a sample
sample variance
sample standard deviation
quartile (1st, 3rd)
IQR

box plot